Product liability1 is mainly stipulated in the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the “Civil Code”) and the Product Quality Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the “Product Quality Law”). Specifically, the Civil Code and the Product Quality Law clearly stipulate that if a defective product causes harm to an individual, the manufacturer of the product shall bear tortious liability therefor. However, neither the Civil Code nor the Product Quality Law provides for a further definition of “manufacturer”.

A significant change in Incoterms 2020, in comparison with the 2010 version, is the increase in seller’s insurance obligations under the CIP rule. This article will give you a brief introduction of the background and implications of this change, as well as its impact on the buyer and the seller in international trading business.

在施工总承包模式下,《民法典》、《建筑法》、《建设工程质量管理条例》均规定,主体结构不得分包，应当由施工总承包单位自己施工完成。但对于工程总承包模式下工程总承包单位能否将施工主体分包，未予明确规定。